Captains Log

We arrived two days ago on this island from Telepyus, Land of the Laestrygonians with heavy hearts, grieving for the loss of our dear comrades. In our sorrow we lay on the shore for two days and two nights, wailing and crying at the pain and anguish we felt for our lost companions. But now I feel that I have to move for the sake of my remaining crew, otherwise I believe we will stay here forever, wallowing in our grief. I am going to leave the men here while set off alone to explore, it would be pointless trying to make the men move now. Half of the crew and myself are now sat on the beach, awaiting the return of the other half of the crew. After my last entry I set off and came to a rocky height and as I became close to the top of it I could see a cloud of reddish smoke rising, as I got closer and closer to the top I saw that it was coming from the chimney of a house in the distance. I was unsure of how I felt at the sight, I was left in two minds, whether to press on forwards and investigate or not. After some deep thought I made the decision n to go back to the shore and try to find some food on the way, the welfare of my men must come first, I would then split the men in to two halves and leave half on the shore and the I would send the other half to explore the island I think that it is best to only let half go incase of any danger, that way if any crew are lost it will only be half or less. I cannot risk loosing any more crew after what happened with Antiphates and the Cyclops. On my way back the Gods must have been in my favour because I came across I stag, which I managed to kill and although it was a brute of a thing I could just manage to put it over my shoulder and drag it back to the shore where I greeted my men warmly and we ate the meal. The meal did seem to boost their morale, which is what I had hoped; I hoped that it might encourage them that we were going to be fine. After we ate we slept and this morning half of the men set off to explore led by Eurylochus. Eurylochus returned alone, claiming that the rest of the men were turned into pigs by a witch named Circe. He told me that when he and his men had reached the Palace of Circe they had heard a beautiful voice singing while working on a loom, one man had said that whoever was inside must have been either a Goddess or woman, she called out to them and invited them inside. But Eurylochus, being a very suspicious man, suspected a trap and did not go in, so Polites led the men and in their innocence they followed him inside. Then he told me that the men had been fed and given drinks of yellow honey with Pramnian wine which she tipped with a noxious drug. The men were then herded into a pigsty and fed acorns and forest nuts, they grunted like pigs but their minds were as human as before, but with no memory of their native land because of the drug. After hearing this news I threw my sword in its silver scabbard over my shoulder and grabbed my bow and told Eurylochus to take me back with him by the same way he had come. But he threw his arms around my knees and begged me to let him stay where he was, so I let him stay because if I had pursued my order, it may have caused a mutiny because he would have disobeyed my order making me look like a bad leader, or and the rest of the crew may have been swayed to the point of view that I had bad judgement , after all my judgement wasn't always perfect, I hadn't been very cautious where the Cyclopes and Laestrygonians had been concerned and perhaps it may have been better if I had have been. So I let him stay and kept up a better image rather than risk looking unkind and uncompassionate. But although Eurylochus will no be coming with me I still have to go on because I cannot loose any more men, so I am going on alone to retrieve my comrades, I'll set off now. I have just returned back to the beach after my encounter with Circe. Soon after leaving the shore I was surprised to meet up with Hermes, who told me that I should eat a special herb called Moly which would stop Circe's powers affecting me. He then instructed me to go on to the palace and accept Circe's offerings, but when she strikes me with her stick I should rush at her with intent to kill her and she will beg for me to go to her bed. He said that if I slept with her she might rob me of my courage and manhood so I should get her to swear an oath before hand so that she wouldn't, and that after I had been in bed with her she would let my men go. I ate the herb and then went on to the palace and when I got outside I called to her and she let me in and fed me and then she offered me a goblet of yellow looking honeyed wine, but I knew that it was drugged, and just like Hermes had told me I drank it and it had no effect thanks to the Moly. Next she hit me with her stick and shouted â€Å"Off to the pigsty and lie down with your friends†, so I snatched up my sword and rushed at her as if I meant to kill her, she slipped beneath my blade, grabbed my knees and burst into tears. She then asked me who I was and where I came from but before I could answer she said that I must be Odysseus because Hermes had once told her that a man named Odysseus would come to her palace and suffer no effects from her drug. She then asked me to join her in her bed and get to trust each other. I could not deny a Goddess, and it was for the sake of my crew, Hermes had told me to accept this offer and although I could not help but think about my wife in Ithaca I knew that to get back home to her I would have to sleep with Circe, so I followed her to her bed, but not before getting her to swear a solemn oath that while they were in bed she should not rob me of my courage and manhood. After I had slept with Circe she told me to return to the shore and collect my men and bring them back to the palace so she could offer them food, drink and fresh clothes, and she let the men out of the sty and turned them back. I got to the shore and told my men the good news, that their friends were now human again and that we all had a feast waiting for us at Circe's palace. But Eurylochus did not take this as good news; he told the men not to trust me and said that I had almost cost them their lives before and that it was my fault we had lost so many men before as it was me who always led the men into danger, like when I made the men go into the Cyclops cave and stay there, and when I lost the men on the Land of the Laestrygonians. I was so enraged by his defiant outburst I considered drawing my sword and lopping his head off there and then but my men held me back and calmed me down. They said that they would come with me and Eurylochus could stay with the ship if he didn't want to come, however he came anyway, if only through fear but we all knew that he was terrified of Circe's Palace too. So now we are all going ahead to Circe's Palace, although my blood is still boiling over what Eurylochus said. I have just had the most difficult day of my journey so far, for after I collected my men and took them to the Palace of Circe, after some persuasion we when to the Palace where the two partied of men met and cried in joy at the sight of each other and we stayed there and ate and drank and bathed and rested for a whole year. It was so relieving to be able to rest and relax that I didn't realise that we'd stayed that long, until the men came to me today and reminded me that we should be on our way because they wanted to get home. I felt like a bad leader for getting so engrossed with this lifestyle that I forgot about their feelings and the time. We feasted for the rest of the day and then as night fell I went to Circe and clasped her knees in supplication and I told her what I felt and how the men felt and asked her to keep the promise she had once made me about sending me home. That is when she told me this dreadful news; to get home I must first go down to the underworld, into the Halls of Hades and consult the soul of Teiresias, who was the only person who could tell me the way home. These terrible words struck me hard and my heart sank, I felt like I had no more reasons for living. But If I ever wanted to return home I had to do this, it was heart breaking but it had to be done. What would be worse was that I would have to tell the crew. I found out from Circe that I would have to set up my mast and wait for the north wind to blow my ship on its way, she said I would come to a wild coast and Persephone's Grove, I should go to the specific place she stated then dig a trench as long and wide as a mans forearm, I should go round the trench and pour offerings to the dead and after that I should sprinkle white barley and begin my prayers and make Teiresias a separate offering of a the finest jet black sheep of my flock. Then there would be more sacrifices of a ewe and ram and pray some more until I would be able to talk to Teiresias who could give me a route home. As if this news hadn't been hard enough I now had to tell my comrades the same thing and get them to agree. Then one of the younger men who had gotten drunk last night herd me calling the men to wake up and he leapt up and fell off the roof and broke his neck and went straight to Hades. Then I broke the news to the men, it was so had to tell them but I had to do it or we will never be able to return to our beloved homes. When I told them they were broken hearted and deeply upset and Circe put the animals for the sacrifice on the ship for me. The men have agreed to go on the next step of our journey home; I just hope that we will prevail.

Things Fall Apart and Distinctive World

The distinctive world in which the character abides by creates the distinctive voice. Each character is portrayed by their voice and actions. The characteristic of the distinctive world in which he or she inhabits shapes the character. Good_______ Mr turner and fellow students; I have chosen the text â€Å"Things fall apart† by Chinua Achebe to relate to our class text â€Å"The life and crimes of Harry Lavender† by Marele Day. By doing so, I will convey through my perception, the various types and functions of a distinctive voice and how language affects interpretation and shapes the meaning of both the distinctive voice and world.In our class text â€Å"The life and crimes of Harry Lavender† Claudia Valentine, is a private detective of the 1960’s who symbolises women liberation. The deceiving facade of Sydney which she lives in portrays the values of corruption, addiction and crime. This distinctive world created depicts the distinctive voices of Claudia and Harry Lavender, the antagonist of this novel. While describing Harry’s power, domination and concealment over Sydney. Claudia decodes the mysteries and understands more about herself and the distinctive world she resides in.There are two distinctive voices, Claudia Valentine and Harry Lavender. Claudia valentine is shaped to be a strong character, who is not inhibited by traditions. Her independent nature and â€Å"hard bitten† experiences make her more observant and resourceful. However as we keep reading; we understand her insecurities and the subtle heart all women have. Harry Lavender the antagonist of this novel is a man of strong power who is metaphorically illustrated to be the heart, the veins, and the blood of Sydney. He is a man of corruption and crime, and a symbol of the calamitous facade of Sydney.Both voices are created by the world of Sydney or how the author has quoted â€Å"the sewage of Sydney†. Similarly, in the novel â€Å"Things fall a part† by Chinua Achebe; a world is created with the recurring theme beliefs and customs portrayed through contrasts between the Pagan and African cultures. The novel is about an African tribe’s man’s life set in the early 19th century around the time of colonisation in Nigeria. Since childhood he has embarked on a journey to become a successful man in his tribe as he had not been from a respected family by decent.The many differences clash when cultural imperialism takes place and Christianity is imposed. His arrogance and cultural disposition makes him want to take revenge but ends up in a situation of despair, ending his life in shame and misery. The distinctive voice of this novel is the character Okonkwo, the society he lives in reins his thoughts and actions. In an African tribe a man was considered successful by the masculinity, strength, brutality, polygamy; numerous numbers of wives, vengeance is justice and the suppression of â€Å"feminine† emoti ons such as compassion and love.Quoted in the text, â€Å"As a young man of eighteen he had brought honour to his village by throwing Amalinze the cat† by describing Okonkwo’s victory against Amalinze, the author illustrates that honour and fame is only valued through strength. From both the novels there may be a contrast of values, setting and beliefs however both use techniques to convey the world which characterises each distinctive voice. Marele Day distinguishes the voices in â€Å"The life and Crimes of Harry Lavender†. Claudia’s thoughts are in first person and her conversations are expressed in colloquial language, this engages the reader to become more personal with Claudia.However Harry’s voice is portrayed in a formal way, making the character more distant from the reader, expressing less commiseration. To express themes of the distinctive world, Marele uses truncated sentences. â€Å"Close by the bed was a bottle of Jack Daniels: empty . And an ash tray: full. †This quote conveys the addiction present in the distinctive world and Claudia. To express this on a whole the author uses the technique of subvert convention. At the beginning she has awaken next to a blonde which we believe to be a women.Her sardonic humour also indicate the stereotypical male role of a private eye, however we soon realise that she is a women, giving a new perception to the distinctive world created as being sexually liberated. Harry Lavender is portrayed to be the world himself. Through the use of imagery Marele Day characterises Harry Lavender to be the god of the deceiving facade of Sydney. â€Å"Up there is a postcard view of Sydney† this quote describes Sydney to be at his fingertips. The world Marele creates is a world of corruption, addiction, murder and mystery all of which is present in Harry’s character.Likewise in the novel â€Å"Things fall apart†, Culture is the distinctive world created. Okonkwo, st rongly believes in his culture where importance is based on masculinity, strength, and revenge in disparity to the pagan culture where importance is given to profession, wealth and the law of justice. This contrast is a technique which the author uses to express both the distinctive worlds. Simple folk tales are used to express the culture further, giving us a more indepth explanation of Okonkwo’s distinctive world and character. Another technique which the author uses to portray the world is the detailed description of everyday life.An example is the way the author describes the preparation of Okonkwo’s food by his three wives. Overall techniques are strongly used to allow the reader to analyse the distinctive world and voice. Both texts â€Å"the life and crimes of Harry Lavender† and â€Å"things fall apart† demonstrate various types of distinctive voices which use language to shape the meaning of both the distinctive voice and world. Now we learn that distinctive voices not only serve the purpose of communication but create and represent the distinctive world itself.

Development of Transcendentalism

The resistance of some ministers and congregations in Boston and eastern Massachusetts to key doctrines of Calvinism started to divide the New England Puritan churches during the mid-1700s. Calvinism centered on the doctrines of John Calvin whose theology emphasized the absolute nature of sovereignty of God and the certainty of human depravity (Robinson). The religious divisions became significant because they resulted to the establishment of a religious liberalism movement that eventually called Unitarianism (Robinson).The Unitarianism movement became the center of various well-established churches in Boston and at Harvard College. It allowed the liberals to achieve cultural and intellectual influence that exceeded their small numbers and played a significant role in the formation of a powerful American liberal tradition in literature, education, politics, and the arts (Robinson). The political and literary movement of transcendentalism was formed in the 1830s and 1840s because of t he movement of liberal theology in Boston (Robinson).The goal of the Unitarianism was to spread its message of human capability and positive spiritual development even though it continued to be in conflict with its Calvinist opponents (Robinson). However, several younger Unitarian ministers started to take a different approach to the problem concerning religious knowledge, including Ralph Waldo Emerson (Robinson). Emerson, who was the leader of the Transcendentalist movement, considered that the transcendental law was the moral law through which people discovered the living spirit of God (â€Å"Transcendentalism†).He published his book, titled â€Å"Nature† in 1836, which formed a novel way of intellectual thinking in the United States (â€Å"Transcendentalism†). He suggested a theory of religion based on intuition instead of empirical evidence, which explains that the religious sentiment is deeply rooted into the nature of mind itself (Robinson). He insisted th e relation between mind and nature because both were instruments of a divine energy that formed reality and provided value and significance (Robinson).Emerson shifted into the role of freelance lecturer and followed his book â€Å"Nature† with two lectures at Harvard: â€Å"The American Scholar† and the â€Å"Divinity School Address† (Robinson). He also published two books about his developing philosophy, â€Å"Essays† (1841) and â€Å"Essays: Second Series (1844) (Robinson). In the â€Å"Divinity School Address,† Emerson pointed out the criticism of the traditional preaching during Emerson’s time and its consideration of a universally available capability of the religious sentiment rather than mediated by the church or by the supernatural intervention of Jesus (Robinson).The transcendentalist philosophy of Emerson is a religion of the spiritually liberated heart and mind, unbounded by party or church (Erickson viii). Emerson urged in his l ecture, titled â€Å"The American Scholar,† to remove America’s two-hundred-year-long reliance on European thought and to realize oneself as a civilization who can think his or her own thought and can create his or her own philosophy, poetry and vision of life (Ericson viii). His religion is described as a metaphysical idealism in which the material universe is only the appearance of underlying divine unity expressed in various individuals (Ericson x).He also visualized religions as an emotional interaction between the unitary spiritual power of goodness called â€Å"Oversoul† and an individual soul (â€Å"Transcendentalism†). Emerson also referred â€Å"Oversoul† to spirit of God as the most significant thing in the world (â€Å"Transcendentalism†). Several works by other individuals who believed in transcendentalist movement were also published in 1836, the year when the book â€Å"Nature† was also published.These included William H enry Furness’ â€Å"Remarks of the Four Gospels,† Convers Francis’ â€Å"Christianity as a Purely Internal Principle,† and Amos Bronson Alcott’s â€Å"Conversations with Children on the Gospels† (Robinson). One of the key legacies of Transcendentalism is the â€Å"The Dial,† a journal edited by Emerson and Margaret Fuller to offer a venue of expression for transcendental writing (Robinson). â€Å"The Dial† published poetry, book reviews and fiction as well as preaching and theological writings and commentary about social and political reform (Robinson).It also provided a chance for transcendentalists such as Emerson, Theodore Parker, Fuller, Amos Bronson Alcott, Christopher Pearse Cranch, Jones Very, and Henry David Thoreau to have a place in the literary movement in New England (Robinson). Thoreau often helped Emerson in copyediting and preparing the publication of â€Å"The Dial† magazine (Robinson). His involvement in â€Å"The Dial† magazine provided him a chance to know every detail of publishing operations and an exposure to the writing of his contemporaries (Robinson).Emerson and Thoreau played an important role in the emergence of New England Transcendentalism by representing it in the United States. They influenced other writers to apply transcendental ideas in their works (â€Å"Transcendentalism†). Thoreau’s book, titled â€Å"Walden,† or â€Å"Life in the Woods,† published in 1845 turned out to be a literary and environmental classic. It reflected on the dual identity of Thoreau as a poet-seer and a skillfull and grounded realist (Robinson). In addition to â€Å"Walden†, Thoreau published his â€Å"Journal† and various key nature essays such as â€Å"Walking,† â€Å"Wild Apples,† and â€Å"Autumnal Tints† in 1862.These publications focused on Emerson’s characterization of the spiritual importance of the natural world and the preservation of nature (Robinson). Thoreau became the original literary voice in a significant tradition of environmental writing and American nature (Robinson). He represented an American culture’s longing for the simpler life, symbolizing an increasing collective desire for a freedom from a society described as meaningless work and full of material consumption (Robinson).His writings during the 1960s and 1970s focused on the enhancement of the environmental ethic during that time (Robinson). According to Reuben, the basic premises of Transcendentalism are that: an individual is the spiritual center of the universe, acceptance of the neo-Platonic conception of nature as a living mystery, similarity between the structure of the universe and the structure of the individual self, and the belief that individual virtue and happiness rely on self-realization.The author also mentions the reasons behind the emergence of American Transcendentalism, which include the co ntinuous decline in Calvinism, the impact of science and technology on the advancement of secularization of modern thought, the rise of a Unitarian intellectual elite with the means and training to continue literature and scholarship, the growing irrelevance of liberal religion, the effect of European ideas on Americans traveling abroad, and the appearance of talented individuals such as Emerson, Fuller and Thoreau on the scene.The significance of the Transcendentalism is the manifestation of a romantic movement in philosophy and literature (â€Å"Transcendentalism†). Transcendentalism became an ethical guide to positive life and focused on the positive side of human nature. Moreover, it emphasized the tolerance of difference in religious belief and asserted on the importance of dignity and worth of the individual as a powerful tool for democracy (â€Å"Transcendentalism†).The transcendentalists played an important role in giving American culture its first distinctive voice in literature, bringing artistic undertaking and aesthetic appreciation in culture and providing advancement on several issues such as the cause of social justice and human rights (Robinson).

Describe how to manage conflict in interpersonal communication Essay

Describe how to manage conflict in interpersonal communication - Essay Example As indicated by Flanigan (1992), â€Å"forgiveness is the method by which people in intimate relationships let each other ‘off the hook’ for various acts of ruthlessness and unkindness† (p.2) †¦it occurs in a transaction (p.5)†¦[it] is the method by which the wounded person can readmit an outcast [and] the wounded person reopens his heart to take in and reaccept his offender†. . . [and] when it is final, it imparts peace to the forgiver and restores a modicum of kindness to the human community as a whole† (p.11). As can be deduced, therefore, the characteristics of forgiveness include: â€Å"(1) no longer harbored resentment against their offenders, (2) felt neutral toward their offenders, (3) once again experienced some degree of trust in their offenders, or (4) reconciled with their offenders, or when they experienced some combination of these four end-states† (Flanigan, 1992, p. 153). Since forgiveness was considered a process or a method â€Å"through which an injured person first fights off, then embraces, then conquers a situation that has nearly destroyed him† (Flanigan, 1992, p. 71), it is clearly evident that it is a crucial part of conflict, where conflict instigates the journey towards liberation from pain. One remembers from a personal experience that forgiveness was the positive end to a conflict situation. As emphasized by Flanigan, â€Å"the process of forgiving begins at its point of departure, naming the injury, and ends at its destination, the emergence of a new self. The stopping-off points in between are claiming the injury, blaming the injurer, balancing the scales, and choosing to forgive† (p.72). In one’s conflict scenario, the party involved in the conflict was a very close friend in school who was part of the small circle of steady friends who I share secrets with and spend most of the academic life with. The conflict occurred when that

Identify Potential Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identify Potential Issues - Essay Example Deaths in police custody are usually the result of torture to extort information or to teach the person concerned a lesson (Pucl Bulletin October 1981). Leigh, A., Johnson, G. & Ingram, A. (1998) established this as a problem. The police are expected to detain individuals they believe to have broken the law. However, they also have a duty to protect any individual they have arrested or detained for their own safety. It is this dual responsibility that makes any death in police custody disturbing and potentially controversial. For families of the deceased it can be particularly distressing to learn not only that someone they were close to has died, but also that this happened whilst they were in police custody. For the police officers involved, the death itself will have been traumatic and the resulting inquiries are likely to place them under intense personal pressure. Though this is not possible to fully eradicate this problem, value of correcting this problem will come in terms of social benefits. The detained, the police and the near and dear one of the detainee all will have relief when they will be provided assurance by law not to occur deaths in the custodies. By any means if the virtual situation of not taking place any death in police custody comes true, the people will not fear to go in the custody. Police, women and promotion: "The lot of policewomen has been a difficult

Global Strategy of ZAK-Squared Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Strategy of ZAK-Squared - Case Study Example Individual business division managers could analyze their market, make local decisions based on their analysis and funnel this information up to the corporate level. These divisions could also gear their business to their environment and its demands. Throughout the history of 3M, communication was of the utmost importance. At all levels of management as well as front line workers, there were a number opportunities such as retreats, councils, The Annual Technology Fair, as well as internal encouragement to maintain contact with other division employees. This mode of organization forced 3M to restructure time and time again. Breaking apart divisions and redefining policies and procedures. The Technical Council (numbering 80 people by early 1990) allowed the heads of its increasingly dispersed labs to meet on a regular basis. This was encompassed from the workings of the Technical Forum that was created in the early 1950s that was formed by "senators" that were drawn from the practicing scientists and technologies in each of the 80 3M US-based lbs.

Investigation Theories Of The Problems Of Healthcare Quality Coursework

Investigation Theories Of The Problems Of Healthcare Quality - Coursework Example These strategies will make inquiries from study designs like open-ended question interviews (Handout, 2011). This is specifically inclined towards either pre or post aspects of behaviors and traits. The population to be is quite fundamental and important because, the purpose supports qualitative theories and phenomenology theory, which is of use in supporting phenomenal experiences (Creswell & Stone, 2009). The population also acts to determine scenarios when the investigators can support the general process. Will the population from the qualitative research test the method from both the phenomenology and ground theories the directions taken by health disparities because of the causes by the large chunk of the population without the health insurance? How would this issue be addressed taking note that the large portion cannot access medication and healthcare hence resorting to crude measures to support health? From the phenomenological perspective, a design is created on a mirrored concept from the university current online education framework. The ground theory as stated will also be considered due to the need for quality and reliability of data. This is the ground upon which the researcher is able to reinforce the open process, action or integration because of the education concept. According to the Quality Health Care QHC use, it is if training and development through education to help improve the talent from the family care perspectives to understand the need for quality healthcare and subscribe to health insurance policies (Shadish, Cook & Campbell, 2002). The researcher’s strategy is to support personal development theory, which is directed towards promoting community and change in leadership.  The vision to judge and design ways to adopt modern development strategies to perpetuate values aimed at planning the workforce, community, and culture change in order to promote the skills by individuals to mitigate the healthcare problem.

The Killing of Osama Bin Laden by United States Forces Dissertation

The Killing of Osama Bin Laden by United States Forces - Dissertation Example Only the courts have the right to sentence a criminal or the erring to death or imprisonment. On 2 May 2011 Osama Bin Laden was killed. President Barack Obama’s 2 May 2011 account of the circumstance of the killing is this: â€Å"†¦We quickly learned that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by al Qaeda --- an organization headed by Osama bin Laden, which had openly declared war on the United States and was committed to killing innocents in our country and around the globe. And so we went to war against al Qaeda to protect our citizens, our friends, and our allies†¦.I directed Leon Panetta, the director of the CIA, to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of war against al Qaeda, even as we continued our broader efforts to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat his network†¦.Today, at my direction, the United States launched a targeted operation against that compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. A small team of Americans carried out the operation with extraordinary courage and capability. No Americans were harmed. They took care to avoid civilian casualties. After a firefight, they killed Osama bin Laden and took custody of his body.† British Broadcasting Company’s documentation of President Barack Obama’s 2 May 2011 statement on Osama bin Laden’s death corroborated the version posted in the official webpage of the White House. The British Broadcasting Company’s documentation of Obama’s 2 May statement reflected that President Barack Obama said that Osama bin Laden was killed AFTER and NOT DURING A FIREFIGHT. The 2 May 2011 press briefing provided by the US President Office of the Press Secretary via conference call described the Obama killing in this manner: â€Å"Bin Laden was a sworn enemy of the United State

Equity & Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Equity & Trust - Essay Example It has to be understood that the term 'Law' implies an act enacted and passed in Parliament (statutory law) and the common law (principles established by judges in previous trials, procedures and conclusions) in the process of deciding on litigations. The most important dissimilarity between law and equity is the difference in remedies that both offer. While laws equip the court with the necessary set of instructions that enable the court to draw monetary compensations for the damages cased to the plaintiff, the equity enables the court to order injunctions or decrees that direct someone to act or not to act in some particular manner. Often, it is this form of order that is more practical to the plaintiff and provides more convenient remedies to the sort of problems raised by the plaintiff in the court of law. A plaintiff who has lost his baggage in a particular place may seek to get it back from the place and not the monetary value of the contents of the baggage. What marks the distinction between an equity and a law is the non-availability of a jury in the former. Equitable remedies can be decided upon exclusively by a judge, as it is a matter of law and not subject to intervention. Hence the intervention of a jury as a trier of facts is impossible to come by. Legal and equitable remedies are thus distinct in their nature and scope and this factor is well deliberated upon in modern legal systems of progressive states such as the United States of America. The right of trial by jury in a civil dispute in the United State is governed by the Seventh Amendment of the American Constitution. Hence the question of a trial by jury depends on the nature of relief the plaintiff has sought in his prayer before the court. If he is seeking a monetary benefit in lieu of the wrongs done to him, the matter can be decided upon by a jury since the matter is considered legal. But is cases where the prayer is for specific performance or non-performance, and areas where the intended award is an injunction, declaratory judgment, modification of contract etc., then the matter is treated to be solved by equity. Hence in such areas, the jury is not allowed. The foremost distinction between a law and equity is the source of the governing rules from which the decisions are arrived at. In law, the decisions are derived from a set of governing rules that are well laid out in long hand and approved by the government. Where as in the case of equity, it only has general guidelines known as the maxims on equity. It is due to this factor that the equity is deeply rooted on fairness and flexibility. An important criticism that equity has is that since there are no prior written guidelines, the lord chancellor can give a ruling according to his conscience. This open endedness led to the wrapping up of the provision and its being included in to a consolidated system of precedents much like its cousin - the Common Law by the 17th century. History of Equities and Trust The distinction betwe

Economics Paper Essay Example for Free

Economics Paper Essay The term Monetary Policy refers to what the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the National Central Bank does to influence the amount of money and the credit of the U.S. Economy. What happens to money and credit affects the interest rate and the performance of our economy. The definition of the Monetary Policy is the regulation of the money supply and interest rates by the central bank and the Federal Reserve Board, in order to control inflation and stabilize the currency. The Monetary Policy is one way the government can impact the economy. The goals of the Monetary Policy is to maximize employment, stabilize prices and moderate interest rates. The Monetary Policy is the management of expectations of the economy, supporting the long-term economic growth and employment. The Monetary Policy is the relationship of interest rates and the economy, the price at which money can be borrowed and the total supply of money. The Monetary Policy began in the 19th century to maintain the gold standard. Today the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply. The most powerful person (after the president) in the United States is the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The person that controls the money, controls the world. There are three instruments (tools) the Federal Reserve uses to implement the Monetary policy, open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. In the open market operations the securities dealer compete on the basis of price to do business with the Fed. This tool consist of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments (securities) from the U.S. Treasury, Financial agencies or other government sponsored enterprises. Trading securities the Fed influences the amount of bank reserve, that affect the federal fund rate, and the overnight lending rate that banks barrow reserves from each other. Open market operations are flexible and the most frequently used in the Monetary Policy. The federal fund rate is highly sensitive to changes in the demand for the supply of reserves in the banking system. The discount rate is the interest rate charged by the Federal Reserve Banks to the depository banks on the short-term loans. Lastly, is the Reserve Requirements, the portion of the deposit amounts the bank must keep to cover amenities. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the group that formulates the nations monetary policy. The chairman of FOMC is, none other than, the chairmen of the Board of Governors. The voting members of FOMC consist of seven members of the Board of Governors (BOG), the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four other president of Reserve Banks. These members serve in one year rotating basis, and all Reserve Bank presidents participate in FOMC policy discussions. FOMC meets eight times a year to discuss the U.S. Economy and the monetary policy options. After FOMC meetings the committee issues statements that include the federal fund rate target. To implement the policys actions the Committee issues a directive to the NY Feds Domestic Trading Desk, that guides the implementation of the Committees policy through the open market operations. The open market operations are conducted on a daily basis to prevent technical forces that can effect federal fund rates from the target rates. Monetary and fiscal policy are different animals, but animals the same. A Monetary Policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, by targeting interest rates for the purpose of economic growth and stability.

Tissue Engineering

Tissue Engineering The first time tissue engineering was introduced it gave the promise to repair or replace damaged organs, the field has dramatically evolved from its origins in the late 1980s. Tissue engineering is a field that is rapidly growing and becoming extremely important within biomedical engineering, it mainly links the rapid developments in cellular and molecular biology together with chemical and mechanical engineering. The graph below shows the amount of money the US federal government is spending on different areas of stem cell research. The National institute of health in the United States defined tissue engineering, in other words regenerative medicine as being: An emerging multidisciplinary field involving biology, medicine, and engineering that is likely to revolutionise the ways we improve the health and quality of life for millions of people worldwide by restoring, maintaining, or enhancing tissue and organ function. (1) Tissue engineering is in fact the application of certain scientific principles brought together to enhance the design, modification, construction, growth, and the maintenance of living tissue. Tissue engineering is divided into two main categories. The first being Vitro, this involves the construction of bioartificial tissues from cells isolated by enzymatic dissociation of a specific donor tissue. Bioartificial tissues are ones which are used as an alternative to organ transplantation, these tissues are composed of natural and synthetic substances. The second category of tissue engineering is Vivo, this involves the alteration and variation of cell growth and function. Examples of applications of tissue engineering include, bone and cartilage implants, formation of bioartificial skin and nerve regeneration. Perhaps the most important concept in tissue engineering is stem cell biology. This is the concept which brought back the idea of using cell based approaches for treating diseases such as heart diseases. Research made on stem cells aims to get knowledge on how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. Stem cells can be defined as ‘a small subpopulation of the proliferating compartment, consisting of relatively undifferentiated proliferative cells that maintain their population size when they divide while at the same time producing progeny that enter a dividing transit population within which further rounds of cell division occur, together with differentiation events, resulting in the production of the various differentiated functional cells required of the tissue. (6) Stem cells are different to other kinds of cells in the human body. All stem cells have three general properties which contribute to their scientific importance. (1) The first is that they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods. Other kinds of cells including muscle cells or nerve cells do not normally replicate themselves. Stem cells may replicate many times or proliferate. A population of stem cells that proliferates for many months in laboratory can yield millions of cells. The second property of stem cells is that they are unspecialised, the ability of the cells resulting from proliferation to continue being unspecialised like the parent stem cells makes them capable of long term self renewal. In fact stem cells do not have any tissue specific structures that allow them to perform specialised functions. A stem cell does not have the ability to perform the functions a heart muscle cell or a red blood cell would do. In other words, a stem cell cannot work to pump blood through the body like a heart muscle cell, and it cannot carry oxygen in blood like a red blood cell does. The third property of stem cells is that they have got the potential to differentiate into various cell types in the body, this process happens during early life. When a stem cell divides, new cells formed could either remain as stem cells or become another type of cells with a more specialised function. Unspecialised stem cells develop into specialised cells, including heart muscle cells, nerve cells and others. In research two kinds of stem cells have been used, these are embryonic stem cells and non embryonic stem cells, also called somatic or adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are ‘undifferentiated cells derived from a 5 days pre-implantation embryo that are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period in culture. (1) Embryonic stem cells are mainly derived from embryos that result from eggs that have been fertilised in vitro. Scientists have discovered a method to obtain stem cells from human embryos and then growing them in vitro, these cells are called human embryonic stem cells. Human embryonic stem cells are derived from the blastocyst. These are embryos that are around five days old, the time required for blastocyst formation to start after fertilisation in humans. A non embryonic (Somatic or adult) stem cell is ‘an undifferentiated cell found in many organs and differentiated tissues with a limited capacity for both self renewal (in vitro) and differentiation. (1) Non embryonic cells are undifferentiated cells found in a tissue or an organ that can renew themselves and can differentiate and develop specialised cell types of the specific tissue or organ. This type of stem cells is found in many organs and tissues. Adult stem cells are present in the stem cell niche, this is a specific region of each tissue. The main roles of adult non embryonic stem cells in humans are to maintain and repair the tissue in which they reside. The cells remain inactivated and do not divide for long periods of time until a certain disease or an injury in the tissue in which they reside activates them, and they will then start dividing as more cells are required to maintain the specific tissue. Recently researchers came up with new conditions that would allow specialised adult cells to be genetically programmed in order to be able to differentiate into any type of cell. This type of stem cells is called induced pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells have unique special characteristics that make them very useful in a wide range of applications. They have the ability to replace damaged cells and provide a new potential for treating disease. They are used in the treatment of extensive burns, and to restore the blood system in patients with diseases such as Leukaemia and other blood disorders. Stem cells can be used to study the development of humans from a fertilised egg and all the processes involved, scientists could Identify the mechanisms that determine whether a stem cell chooses to replicate itself or to differentiate into a specific cell type, and if that is the case what cell type would it be, these information would allow scientists to find out and understand what controls normal human development. In practice a more complete understanding of the genetic and molecular control of these processes may provide scientists with helpful information about how certain diseases arise. This allows scientists to suggest new ways of treating those diseases. The exceptional property of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells that they can renew themselves while maintaining the ability to differentiate into useful cell types. For example, they have been used as a source of human cardiomyocytes. This allowed scientists to go further in research by using those cardiomyocytes in cell based cardiac therapies, cardiomyocytes have also been used in modeling human heart development and in testing drugs. (4) Also stem cells have the ability to provide a source of insulin producing cells, or repair the damaged the pancreatic tissues. This provides another potential to treat diabetes. (5) New medications could be tested for safety on specific cells that perform special functions. A large number of the specific type of cells on which the medications are to be tested is generated from stem cells. Stem cells have the ability to replace cells lost due to other devastating diseases for which no cures have been found yet. Today donated tissues and organs are often used to replace the specific damaged tissues or organs. The problem with that is the fact that, the need for transplantable tissues and organs is a lot more than the supply available. Stem cells, with the ability to differentiate into specific cell types could offer the possibility of providing a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues to treat diseases and replace the damaged tissues and organs. However significant technical barriers concerning stem cells remain, but they are to be overcome by research which is increasing in both importance and scope due to the huge benefits that could be obtained. References: 1- www.stemcells.nih.gov 2- Tissue engineering, Bernhard O. Palsson and Sangeeta N. Bhatia. 3- Principles of tissue engineering / edited by Robert P. Lanza, Robert Langer, Joseph Vacanti, 2nd edition. 4- Cardiac applications for human pluripotent stem cells. Shiba Y, Hauch KD, Laflamme MA. www.Pubmed.gov 5- Adipose tissue derived stem cells for regeneration and differentiation into insulin-producing cells. Kim SC, Han DJ, Lee JY. www.pubmed.gov 6- Essentials of stem cell biology [electronic resource] / editors, Robert Lanza †¦ [et al.]. Pages 11-13